HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX 2023
DHCP is the abbreviation HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUXof Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
specifically HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
used to simplify network control in: The hassle of “troublesome” within the configuration of laptop / host network configuration, normally known as dynamic allocation of IP.
as compared with the dynamic allocation mechanism, it uses manual and manual methods to set by using one, which is referred to as static placing HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
The Static placing is quite inefficient.
consider: If there are masses of workstations in a community segment, manually set it manually, it isn’t peculiar to be tired, and, in the future, if you need to change the network configuration is also extraordinarily inconvenient!
consequently, in HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
the network protection training your paintings on community control, DHCP Server is a completely essential installation service. inside the beyond, most of the school ’s DHCP Server became established on NT / W2K, however the performance and the steadiness aren’t very good, HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
therefore, the subsequent introduces the set up of the DHCP Server on
RedHat Linux HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
PLEASE choose THE DHCP SERVER package deal according to YOUR LINUX version.
set up HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX (a) rpm -ivh dhcp-2.zero-5.i386. After rpm
take a look at, what documents does this package deal region at the host?
gets the subsequent list:
/and so forth/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd
/ usr / document / dhcp- 2.0
/usr/doc/dhcp-2.zero/adjustments
/usr/document/dhcp-2.0/README
/usr/doc/dhcp-2.zero/RELNOTES
/usr/document/dhcp-2.zero/dhcpd.conf.sample
/ usr / guy / man5 / dhcp-options.5.gz
/usr/guy/man5/dhcpd.conf.5.gz
/usr/guy/man5/dhcpd.leases.5.gz
/usr/man/man8/dhcpd.8.gz
/usr/guy/man8/dhcrelay.8.gz
/ usr / sbin / dhcpd
/ usr / sbin / dhcrelay
/ var / country / dhcp
One is and many HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
others/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd, which may be used to control the conduct of the dhcp server, such as:
start: /and many others/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd start
forestall: / etc / rc .d / init.d / dhcpd forestall
restart: /and so on/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd restart
examine the operation repute: /and many others/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd
status the alternative is, / usr / doc /dhcp-2.0/dhcpd.conf.pattern
(RedHat 7.zero in /usr/share/document/dhcp-2.0)
as the name implies, this is a configuration file of the dhcp server, we are able to replica it to / and so on , and named dhcpd.conf.
(C) cp /usr/document/dhcp-2.zero/dhcpd.conf.sample /and many others/dhcpd.conf
CONFIGURATION HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
Then, you could begin the configuration report for dhcp server / and so on / dhcpd.conf to do the placing paintings. The
following is the unique content material of the file:
subnet 192.168.zero.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
default gateway HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
alternative routers 192.168.zero.1;
alternative subnet-masks 255.255.255.0;
choice nis-domain “” area.org “”;
alternative domain-name “” domain.org “”;
option area-call-servers 192.168.1.1;
option time-offset -5; # eastern preferred Time
# option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1;
# option netbios-call-servers 192.168.1.1;
# — Selects point-to-factor node (default is hybrid). Don’t change this except
#-you understand Netbios very well
# option NetBIOS-node-type 2;
range dynamic-bootp 192.168.zero.128 192.168.zero.255;
default-hire- time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
we want the nameserver to seem at a hard and fast cope with
host ns {
subsequent-server marvin.redhat.com;
hardware ethernet 12: 34: fifty six: 78: AB: CD;
fixed-address 207.a hundred seventy five.42.254;
Junior high college for example, the college is the first 1/2 of 1/2 C) subnet 163.26.167.zero netmask
default gateway router IP
choice routers 163.26.197.126;
# community mask
choice subnet -mask 255.255.255.128;
# area
alternative domain-name “” jmjh.tnc.edu.tw “”;
# Specify which DNS servers to dispatch to provide services?
choice domain-call-servers 163.26.167.1, 163.26.200.1 , 168.95.1.1;
choice time-offset -5; # jap wellknown Time
Dynamic allocation of IP fence
range dynamic-bootp 163.26.167.50 163.26.167.a hundred;
JIP lease time
default-rent-time 21600;
max-rent-time 43200;
Set your faculty’s DNS host to a set IP
we needthe nameserver to seem at a fixed deal with HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
host ns HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
subsequent-server dns.jmjh.tnc.edu.tw;
hardware ethernet 12: 34: fifty six: seventy eight: AB: CD;
constant-address 163.26.167.1;
The dhcp bundle carries a web structures Consortium (ISC) DHCP server. install the package as root:
~]# yum install dhcp
installing the dhcp bundle creates a record, /and so forth/dhcp/dhcpd.conf, that is merely an empty configuration file. As root, difficulty the following command:
~]# cat /and so forth/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
#
# DHCP Server Configuration record.
# see /usr/proportion/document/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.instance
# see dhcpd.conf(five) man page
#
the example configuration record can be determined at /usr/share/document/dhcp-model;/dhcpd.conf.example. You must use this file to help you configure /and so on/dhcp/dhcpd.conf, which is explained in element below.
DHCP additionally uses the document /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases to save the purchaser lease database. See phase 14.2.2, “hire Database” for extra statistics HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
Configuration report HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX step one in configuring a DHCP server is to create the configuration document that shops the network records for the customers. Use this document to claim alternatives for customer systems.
The configuration report can include extra tabs or blank traces for easier formatting. key phrases are case-insensitive and contours starting with a hash signal (#) are taken into consideration comments.
There are types of statements in the configuration record:
Parameters — kingdom a way to perform a mission, whether or not to perform a project, or what network configuration options to ship to the purchaser.
Declarations — Describe the topology of the community, describe the customers, provide addresses for the clients, or follow a group of parameters to a collection of declarations.
The parameters that begin with the key-word choice are called alternatives. those options control DHCP options; while, parameters configure values that aren’t elective or control how the DHCP server behaves.
Parameters (along with options) declared earlier than a phase enclosed in curly brackets ({ }) are taken into consideration international parameters. worldwide parameters apply to all the sections under it.
important HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
If the configuration document is modified, the changes do no longer take effect until the DHCP daemon is restarted with the command systemctl restart dhcpd.
rather than converting a DHCP configuration report and restarting the carrier each time, the usage of the omshell command gives an interactive way to hook up with, query, and alternate the configuration of a DHCP server. with the aid of the use of omshell, all modifications can be made even as the server is going for walks. For greater statistics on omshell, see the omshell guy web page.
In instance 14.1, “Subnet statement”, the routers, subnet-mask, domain-seek, domain-call-servers, and time-offset options are used for any host statements declared under it.
For each subnet to be able to be served, and for each subnet to which the DHCP server is hooked up, there need to be one subnet assertion, which tells the DHCP daemon a way to understand that an deal with is on that subnet. A subnet assertion is needed for each subnet although no addresses will be dynamically allotted to that subnet.
In this example, there are worldwide alternatives for each DHCP consumer in the subnet and a range declared. clients are assigned an IP deal with within the variety.
example 14.1. Subnet announcement HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.zero {
alternative routers 192.168.1.254;
alternative subnet-masks 255.255.255.0;
alternative domain-seek “instance.com”;
option area-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
option time-offset -18000; # japanese widespread Time
variety 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.one hundred;
}
To configure a DHCP server that rentals a dynamic IP deal with to a machine within a subnet, regulate the instance values from instance 14.2, “range Parameter”. It proclaims a default hire time, maximum lease time, and network configuration values for the clients. this situation assigns IP addresses in the range 192.168.1.10 and 192.168.1.a hundred to consumer structures.
example 14.2. range Parameter
default-lease-time six hundred;
max-hire-time 7200;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
alternative broadcast-deal with 192.168.1.255;
alternative routers 192.168.1.254;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2;
alternative area-seek “instance.com”;
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.zero
range 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.one hundred;
To assign an IP address HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
to a patron based at the MAC cope with of the network interface card, use the hardware ethernet parameter inside a number assertion. As verified in instance 14.three, “Static IP deal with the use of DHCP”, the host apex announcement specifies that the network interface card with the MAC cope with 00:A0:78:8E:9E:AA constantly receives the IP address 192.168.1.4.
be aware that you may additionally use the optionally available parameter host-name to assign a bunch name to the customer.
example 14.three. Static IP address using DHCP
host apex HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX
alternative host-name “apex.instance.com”;
hardware ethernet 00:A0:seventy eight:8E:9E:AA;
constant-deal with 192.168.1.four;
pink Hat agency HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
7 supports assigning static IP addresses to InfiniBand IPoIB interfaces. however, as these interfaces do no longer have a everyday hardware Ethernet address, a unique technique of specifying a unique identifier for the IPoIB interface must be used. the usual is to apply the option dhcp-consumer-identifier= assemble to specify the IPoIB interface’s dhcp-customer-identifier subject HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
The DHCP server host assemble helps at maximum one hardware Ethernet and one dhcp-client-identifier access in keeping with host stanza. but, there can be a couple of fixed-address access and the DHCP server will mechanically respond with an cope with that is suitable for the community that the DHCP request turned into received on.
instance 14.four. Static IP deal with the usage of DHCP on more than one Interfaces HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
If a gadget has a HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
configuration, as an instance two InfiniBand interfaces, and P_Key interfaces on each bodily interface, plus an Ethernet connection, the following static IP assemble could be used to serve this configuration:
Host apex.zero { HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX }
option host-call “apex.instance.com”;
hardware ethernet 00:A0:78:8E:9E:AA;
choice dhcp-client-identifier=ff:00:00:00:00:00:02:00:00:02:c9:00:00:02:c9:03:00:31:7b:11;
constant-deal with 172.31.zero.50,172.31.2.50,172.31.1.50,172.31.3.50;
host apex.1
choice host-call “apex.example.com”;
hardware ethernet 00:A0:78:8E:9E:AB;
choice dhcp-purchaser-identifier=ff:00:00:00:00:00:02:00:00:02:c9:00:00:02:c9:03:00:31:7b:12;
fixed-address 172.31.zero.50,172.31.2.50,172.31.1.50,172.31.3.50;
with a view to discover the right dhcp-purchaser-identifier on your tool, you can usually use the prefix ff:00:00:00:00:00:02:00:00:02:c9:00 after which upload the closing 8 bytes of the IPoIB interface (which occurs to also be the 8 byte GUID of the InfiniBand port the IPoIB interface is on). On a few older controllers, this prefix isn’t accurate. in that case, we suggest the usage of tcpdump on the DHCP server to capture the incoming IPoIB DHCP request and accumulate the right dhcp-consumer-identifier from that capture. for example:
]$ tcpdump -vv -i mlx4_ib0
tcpdump: listening on mlx4_ib0, link-kind LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture length 65535 bytes
23:42:44.131447 IP (tos 0x10, ttl 128, id zero, offset zero, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 328)
zero.0.0.zero.bootpc > 255.255.255.255.bootps: [udp sum ok] BOOTP/DHCP, Request, duration 300, htype 32, hlen zero, xid 0x975cb024, Flags [Broadcast] (0x8000)
supplier-rfc1048 Extensions HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
Magic Cookie 0x63825363
DHCP-Message choice 53, duration 1: find out
Hostname choice 12, duration 10: “rdma-qe-03”
Parameter-Request choice 55, length 18:
Subnet-mask, BR, Time-region, Classless-Static-course
domain-call, domain-name-Server, Hostname, YD
YS, NTP, MTU, alternative 119
Default-Gateway, Classless-Static-direction, Classless-Static-course-Microsoft, Static-course
alternative 252, NTP
consumer-identification choice sixty one, length 20: hardware-kind 255,
The above dump suggests the purchaser-identification area. The hardware-kind 255 corresponds to the preliminary ff: of the identification, the relaxation of the identity is then quoted precisely as it desires to seem within the DHCP configuration report.
All subnets that share the equal bodily network need to be declared inside a shared-network declaration as proven in example 14.five, “Shared-community statement”. Parameters inside the shared-community, however outside the enclosed subnet declarations, are considered to be worldwide parameters. The name assigned to shared-network should be a descriptive name for the community, together with the use of the identify “test-lab” to describe all the subnets in a test lab surroundings.
instance 14.five. Shared-community announcement.
shared-community name HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
alternative area-search “take a look at.redhat.com”;
alternative domain-name-servers ns1.redhat.com, ns2.redhat.com;
option routers 192.168.0.254;
#greater parameters for instance shared-community
subnet 192.168.1.zero netmask 255.255.252.0 {
#parameters for subnet
variety 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.254;
subnet 192.168.2.zero netmask 255.255.252.zero {
#parameters for subnet
variety 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.254;
As confirmed in example HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
organization declaration”, the institution assertion is used to apply worldwide parameters to a group of declarations. as an instance, shared networks, subnets, and hosts may be grouped.
instance 14.6. institution announcement
organization {
option routers 192.168.1.254;
alternative subnet-masks 255.255.255.zero;
alternative area-search “example.com”;
alternative area-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
alternative time-offset -18000; # eastern popular Time
host apex
option host-name “apex.example.com”;
hardware ethernet 00:A0:78:8E:9E:AA;
fixed-cope with 192.168.1.4;
host raleigh
choice host-name “raleigh.instance.com”;
hardware ethernet 00:A1:DD:74:C3:F2;
constant-address 192.168.1.6;
you could use the HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
instance configuration document as a place to begin and add custom configuration alternatives to it. to replicate this document to the right vicinity, use the subsequent command as root:
~]# cp /usr/proportion/doc/dhcp-version_number/dhcpd.conf.instance /and many others/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
… in which version_number is the DHCP model variety.
for a complete listing of choice statements and what they do, see the dhcp-alternatives(five) guy web page.
14.2.2. hire Database HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
on the DHCP server, the document /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.rentals shops the DHCP consumer lease database. Do not exchange this document. DHCP rent data for every these days assigned IP deal with is robotically stored in the rent database. The facts includes the period of the rent, to whom the IP cope with has been assigned, the begin and end dates for the lease, and the MAC cope with of the network interface card that turned into used to retrieve the hire.
All instances in the hire database are in HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
Coordinated established Time (UTC), now not neighborhood time The lease database is recreated occasionally in order that it isn’t always too huge. First, all recognized rentals are saved in a transient lease database. The dhcpd.leases record is renamed dhcpd.rentals~ and the temporary rent database is written to dhcpd.leases.
The DHCP daemon may be killed or the system ought to crash after the lease database has been renamed to the backup file but before the new report has been written HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
If this occurs, the dhcpd HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
rentals document does no longer exist, but it’s far required to begin the provider. Do no longer create a brand new hire record. if you do, all antique rentals are misplaced which reasons many troubles. the ideal answer is to rename the dhcpd.leases~ backup file to dhcpd.rentals and then begin the daemon.
14.2.three. starting and stopping the Server important HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX
when the DHCP server is commenced for the primary time, it fails until the dhcpd.rentals file exists. you can use the command touch /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.rentals to create the file if it does not exist. If the equal server is likewise walking BIND as a DNS server, this step isn’t always vital, as beginning the named service robotically assessments for a dhcpd.rentals report.
Do not create a new HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
document on a gadget that changed into previously strolling. in case you do, all antique rentals are lost which causes many issues. the appropriate solution is to rename the dhcpd.leases~ backup document to dhcpd.leases after which start the daemon.
to start the DHCP provider, use the subsequent command:
systemctl begin dhcpd.provider
To stop the DHCP server, type:
systemctl prevent dhcpd.carrier
with the aid of default, the DHCP service does no longer begin at boot time. For facts on a way to configure the daemon to start robotically at boot time, see purple Hat organisation Linux device Administrator’s manual.
If multiple community interface is connected to the device, but the DHCP server should only listen for DHCP requests on one of the interfaces, configure the DHCP server to pay attention only on that tool. The DHCP daemon will handiest listen on interfaces for which it reveals a subnet declaration in the /and many others/dhcp/dhcpd.conf record.
this is beneficial for a HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
device with network playing cards. One community card may be configured as a DHCP consumer to retrieve an IP address to the internet. the alternative network card can be used as a DHCP server for the internal community at the back of the firewall. Specifying simplest the network card connected to the inner community makes the system extra at ease because users can not hook up with the daemon via the internet.
To specify command-line alternatives, replica after which edit the dhcpd.service document as the basis consumer. for instance, as follows HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
~]# cp /usr/lib/systemd/device/dhcpd.service /and many others/systemd/machine/
~]# vi /and so forth/systemd/machine/dhcpd.provider
Edit the line underneath section [Service]:
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -person dhcpd -organization dhcpd –no-pid your_interface_name(s)
Then, as the basis consumer, restart the service:
~]# systemctl –gadget daemon-reload
~]# systemctl restart dhcpd
Command line options can HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
be appended to ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dhcpd in the /and so on/systemd/device/dhcpd.carrier unit file beneath phase [Service]. They consist of-p portnum — Specifies the UDP port variety on which dhcpd must pay attention. The default is port sixty seven.
The DHCP server transmits responses to the HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUXclients at a port number one greater than the UDP port designated. for example, if the default port sixty seven is used, the server listens on port 67 for requests and responds to the consumer on port sixty eight. If a port is detailed right here and the DHCP relay agent is used, the equal port on which the DHCP relay agent need to concentrate need to be precise. See phase 14.3, “DHCP Relay Agent” for info.
-f — Runs the daemon as a foreground system.
that is in the main used for debugging -d — Logs the DHCP server daemon to the same old errors descriptor. this is usually used for debugging. If this isn’t always precise, the log is written to /var/log/messages.
-cf filename — Specifies the location of the configuration file. The default vicinity is /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf.
-lf filename — Specifies the location of the lease database report. If a rent database record already exists, it is very important that the same file be used whenever the DHCP server is started out. it’s miles strongly encouraged that this feature handiest be used for debugging purposes on non-production machines. The default region is /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases.
-q — Do not print the entire copyright message while beginning the daemon.
inside the above settings, please follow Your school configuration, adjust it through yourself. It should be referred to that:
(a) host ns {
next-server dns.jmjh.tnc.edu.tw;
hardware ethernet 12: 34: fifty six: 78: AB: CD; — > this is the number of the DNS host community card (6 bytes), please use ifconfig to query, as follows:
fixed-cope with 163.26.167.1;
}
ifconfig got HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
eth0 hyperlink encap: Ethernet HWaddr forty eight: fifty four: E8: 26: CC: C9
inet addr: 163.26.167.1 Bcast: 163.26.167.127 masks: 255.255.255.128
UP BROADCAST going for walks MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 762193 mistakes: 0 dropped: zero overruns: zero frame: zero
TX packets: 555401 mistakes: zero dropped : 0 overruns: zero carrier: 0
collisions: zero txqueuelen: one hundred HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX
Interrupt: eleven Base deal with: 0x8000
take HWaddr 48: 54: E8: 26: CC: C9 48: 54: E8: 26: CC: C9
fill in the above the hardware ethernet putting is sufficient.
your school’s network card variety (each card is particular globally) need to now not be similar to this one, please do now not replica the settings here!
(b) This DHCP server can Co-exist with the original DHCP server on NT / W2K, however please notice that the IP allocation phase must be staggered .
So, at the cease, which DHCP server the computing device gets dynamic allocation?
quite simple, while the notebook sends a request (request ) Message, whoever grabs it first will provide it first.
EXECUTION HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd begin
will not succeed the first time,
If it’s miles the dhcp-2.0-5 model, it’s going to show a failed pink string and provide you with a warning:
/var/state/dhcp/dhcpd.rentals This record does no longer exist, so that you must manually open a new record:
touch / var /country/dhcp/dhcpd.leases
these cause files are IP recording scenario hire of every pc HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
if the DHCP-2.0-12 later version, it will no longer appear any message, you will discover that it isn’t always up and jogging.
that is due to the fact: as soon as this model finds that you haven’t opened this record, it will bounce out without going for walks HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
And the place of this document is slightly exceptional:
it’s miles positioned in /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases
adequate, open it manually ?!
touch /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.rentals
can now be started out, and set it to run mechanically upon booting (either linuxconf or ntsysv can be set)
/and so forth/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd begin
Congratulations! Your college already has a totally stable DHCP server!
observe:
when you have a Linux firewall, you want to allocate the DHCP server from a certain network card (one network card represents a community section),
for instance: Zhang community card interface eth1 dispensed, as long as the changes to /and many others/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX .
the start daemons place
via the:
daemon / usr / sbin / dhcpd
modified to HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX:
daemon / usr / sbin / dhcpd eth1
conclusion
DHCP Server is a very important weapon in community management work. it is also sensible to installation greater than backups.
And, from then on, you may not rely upon NT / W2K this bad and volatile performance (PE ratio is simply too low) of the device.
(no longer always constrained to a particular one closed the organization, but does not must value a lot, is the number one and secondary colleges network construct, the first-rate PE ratio choice!) HOW TO SET UP DHCP SERVER IN REDHAT LINUX.
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