WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023

WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023  is a layer 2 protocol that is used to connect LANs i.e. local area networks and transfer data over WANs i.e. Wide Area Network. It shares data over the WAN using X.25 technology.

How does it work WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023 method:

Frame Relay uses special hardware components including frame routers, bridges, and switches that are used to forward traffic from multiple connections over a shared physical link. Each connection uses a ten-bit (10-bit) DLCI, i.e. a Direct Connection Identifier for unique channel addresses WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.

A practical implementation of Frame Relay

Consider three routers – R1, R2 and R3 as shown in the figure below.

Implementation of Frame-Relay on 3 routers

The diagram above shows the various routers with their implemented settings.

The three routers have the following configurations:

Router R1 has the following configurations: –
Interface 0/0/0.1 (to establish frame relay connection with R2)

IP 172.168.1.1/24

DLCI 100

Interface 0/0/0.2 (to establish frame relay connection with R3)

IP 172.168.3.1/24

DLCI 300

Router R2 has the following configurations: –
Interface 0/0/0.1 (to establish frame relay connection with R1)

IP 172.168.1.2/24

DLCI 101

Interface 0/0/0.2 (to establish frame relay connection with R3)

IP 172.168.2.1/24

DLCI 200

Router R3 has the following configurations: –
Interface 0/0/0.1 (to establish frame relay connection with R1)

IP 172.168.1.2/24

DLCI 201

Interface 0/0/0.2 (to establish frame relay connection with R3)

IP 172.168.2.1/24

DLCI 301

How to configure frame relay?

Below are the commands to configure frame relay on R1

R1(config-if)#interface Serial0/0/0

R1(config-if)#no shut

R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#

R1(config-subif)#interface Serial0/0/0.1 point-to-point

R1(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 100

R1(config-subif)#exit

R1(config)#

R1(config)#interface Serial0/0/0.2 point-to-point

R1(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.3.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 300

Below are the commands to configure frame relay on R2

R2(config-if)#interface Serial0/0/0

R2(config-if)#no shut

R2(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#

R2(config-subif)#interface Serial0/0/0.1 point-to-point

R2(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

R2(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 101

R2(config-subif)#exit

R2(config)#

R2(config)#interface Serial0/0/0.2 point-to-point

R2(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

R2(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 200

Below are the commands to configure frame relay on R3

R3(config)#interface Serial0/0/0

R3(config-if)#no shut

R3(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

R3(config-subif)#interface Serial0/0/0.1 point-to-point

R3(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.2.2 255.255.255.0

R3(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 201

R3(config-subif)#exit

R3(config)#interface Serial0/0/0.2 point-to-point

R3(config-subif)#ip address 172.168.3.2 255.255.255.0

R3(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 301

R3(config-subif)#exit WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.

Result:

Router R1 is connected to R2 and R3 where the frame relay DLCI configured on R1 is 100 for R2 and is configured with 300 for R3 which is used to connect them over the network without any routing protocol.

Frame relay result from router R1 

Router R2 is connected to R1 and R3 where the frame relay DLCI configured on R2 is 101 for R2 and is configured with 200 for R3 which is used to connect them over the network without any routing protocol.

Frame relay result from router R2

Router R3 is connected to R1 and R2 where the frame relay DLCI configured on R3 is 201 for R2 and is configured with 301 for R1 which is used to connect them over the network without any routing protocol WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Conclusion:

From the above results, it can be seen that routers R1, R2, and R3 are able to communicate with each other over a Wide Area Network (WAN) using the Frame Relay protocol WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

For more practical things like this, join Codec Networks for CCNA Certification and Training in Delhi.

Frame relay is a packet-switched telecommunications service designed for cost-effective data transfer for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).

The service was once widely available and implemented. Today, major Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have stopped using it. Sprint, now part of T-Mobile, discontinued its frame relay service in 2007.

Verizon stopped offering it to new customers in 2009 and discontinued it entirely in 2013. AT&T stopped offering it in 2012 but supported existing customers until 2016.

Frame relay puts data into a variable-sized unit called a frame, leaving all the necessary error correction or retransmission of data to the endpoints. This approach speeds up data transfer.

For most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit (PVC). This means that the customer sees a 24/7 dedicated connection without paying for a full-time leased line WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

The service provider figures out how to route each frame to its destination and charges based on usage. In contrast, switched virtual circuits (SVCs) are temporary connections that are destroyed after the transfer of specific data is complete WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

The customer chooses the level of quality of service, prioritizing some frameworks and others less important. A number of service providers offered image transmission on fractional T-1 or full T-carrier systems.

Frame relay provided a mid-range service between Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). ISDN offers a bandwidth of 128 kilobits per second (Kbps) and ATM operates at 155.520 megabits per second or 622.080 Mbps WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

How does frame relay work?

Data Termination Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit Termination Equipment (DCE) are required for WAN data transmission.

DTEs are typically located on customer premises and may include terminals, routers, bridges, and personal computers. Carriers manager DCE, providing switching and other services.

Frame relay is based on the older X.25 packet switching technology, which was designed for sending analog data such as voice conversations. But unlike X.25, frame relay is a fast packet technology WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

This means that the protocol does not attempt to correct errors. When an error is detected in a frame, it is simply discarded. Endpoints are responsible for detecting and retransmitting missed frames WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

The incidence of errors in digital networks is small compared to analog networks WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Frame relay is often used to connect LANs to main backbone networks. It is also used on public WANs and private network environments with leased T-1 lines. It needs a dedicated connection during transmission and is not ideal for voice or video that need a constant stream of transmissions WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Frame relay sends packets at the data link layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, rather than at the network layer.

A frame can contain packets from different protocols such as Ethernet and X.25. It is variable in size and can be as large as a thousand bytes or more.

OSI model: data link diagram
Frame relay carries information at the data link layer and moves frames in and out of physical network links using virtual circuits.

What are the advantages of a frame relay WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.?

The advantages of a frame relay include the following WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.:

Effective. It does not perform error correction, which consumes time and network resources. Its use of variable packet sizes improves bandwidth utilization.
Cost effective. It is cheaper than dedicated lines and requires less hardware.
Flexible. It uses a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) number.

The DLCI is a number that identifies the logical circuit between the router and the frame relay switch.

Specifies which circuit to send a frame to in a frame relay network, allowing any two stations to connect. Frame Relay’s flexibility also comes from its ability to balance traffic bursts.Low latency. It is less prone to latency because error correction is handled by other network components.

What are the frame relay problems?

Frame relay was at one time a popular protocol for telecommunications companies to carry voice traffic over long distances. It became less popular as telecommunications companies adopted Internet Protocol-based technologies for the task. Multiprotocol label switching has replaced frame relay in many places.Some common frame transfer network problems include the following WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.:

link goes down;
inability to ping the remote router; and
can’t ping from start to finish.
These problems can be the result of a problem with serial interfaces, PVC status, or an incorrectly assigned or deleted DLCI.

Permanent and switched virtual circuits WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.
Frame relay uses temporary virtual circuits to send packets across the network through Frame Relay switches instead of sending them directly over physical network interfaces.

ISPs guarantee a certain level of bandwidth for a virtual circuit operating under normal conditions. The rate is called the rate of information surrendered.

Permanent and switched virtual circuits are two possible types of frame relay connections. PVC is for connections that must be maintained for long periods of time, even when no data is being transmitted.

SVC is for temporary connections that only last one session. SVCs are established on a session-by-session basis, and PVCs are established in advance.

PVCs provide a predetermined level of service, making them more reliable. SVCs can be cheaper because they use whatever network resources are available.

Frame relay vs. ATM: What’s the difference WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.?

The main difference between asynchronous transfer mode and frame transfer is that ATM provides error correction, management, and packet flow management. Frame relay does none of these tasks.

Frame relay and ATM also have different baud rates. Frame Relay circuits have data rates between 64 Kbps and 45 Mbps. ATM has a data transfer rate between 155 and 622 Mbps, depending on the medium used.

ATM has a quantifiable quality of service, while frame relay does not. Frame relay is generally cheaper than ATM.

A frame relay network also has a variable packet size, while ATM has a fixed packet size. Because of this variability, frame transmission often has higher packet delay and lower packet transmission reliability and speed.

Frame relay legacy
Although frame relay is no longer widely used, some legacy networks still use the technology. It also still has value as a foundation for learning more complex or newer networking concepts. Until recently,

this technology was covered by the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) exam. CCNA is an entry-level networking certification.

There are a lot of technical terms and phrases floating around in the world of technology and telecommunications. “Frame relay” is one such term, and if you read on, you’ll know all you need to know about it.

Frame Relay: A Quick Definition WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.

Frame relay is a type of telecommunications technology that can be used to connect local area networks (LANs) and to transfer data between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).

How does Frame Relay work?
Frame relay uses packet switching technology. That is, it breaks data, such as call data, into smaller packets, also known as frames, and transmits them over a shared frame relay network.

These data packets are then reassembled at the data destination. Frame relay has long been used as part of many companies’ Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) systems.

It is often considered a simplified upgrade to an older type of packet switching technology, X.25 packets.

How Frame Relay-553 works
Image source
Frame Relay services are typically used either to transfer data between geographically separated LANs or across WANs. Frame relay is a cost-effective alternative to point-to-point circuits, which are dedicated leased lines between LANs or WANs WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Frame relay is cheaper because instead of paying for the bandwidth of one or more leased lines, each router in the network shares a single multi-access network provided by a Frame Relay virtual circuit.

The amount of bandwidth that each company using a virtual circuit receives is determined by the service provider’s Committed Information Rate (CIR) – the minimum guaranteed bandwidth for each circuit.

Access to a frame relay network is provided through a frame relay access device (FRAD) on the company premises, which can be software in a router or a separate device. The FRAD connects to one of the service provider’s frame switching ports through a User-to-Network Interface (UNI) and establishes an access connection WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

In a frame relay network, each circuit or access line that connects to the virtual network is terminated by a frame relay switch. The data packet sent by the router is examined at the frame relay switch, which looks for the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

This is a number that identifies the virtual circuit that will route the packet to its destination. The frame relay then sends the packet based on the DLCI to the intended destination.

This process can also be explained in terms of data equipment, namely data communication equipment (DCE) and data terminal equipment (DTE). In frame relay services, the DCE is the frame relay switch because it provides the service, and the DTEs are your routers, the devices that receive the service.

Frame Relay layers
Frame Relayers-551
Image source
Telecommunication functions using layers. These layers are defined either according to the OSI model (Open System Interconnection Model) or according to the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Frame relay uses the first two layers of the OSI model, the physical layer and the data link layer, which also form the first layer of the TCP/IP model; network interface layer WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Physical layer
The physical layer is the lowest or first layer protocol of the OSI and TCP/IP models. This layer deals with data in the form of bits and how data is transmitted in general. This data transfer usually takes place over a wired, wireless or optical connection.

Data Link Layer
The data link layer is more important to how frame transmission works because it is the protocol layer that deals with how data (or bits) are transferred over the physical layer.

The data link layer manages how data is broken up and reassembled. In frame transfer services, the data layer is what converts bits into frames so they can be transmitted over a virtual circuit WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Types of Frame Relay connections
There are two types of frame relay connections that companies use. These are Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) and Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC).

Frame Relay Connection – Types
Image source
Switched virtual circuits
SVCs are essentially short-term virtual circuits. They are used when data needs to be transferred over a virtual circuit and then that virtual circuit can be closed again.

A typical example of an SVC is when a user downloads a file. An SVC is created, connecting the user and the file download server, and the connection is closed immediately after the download is complete.

Permanent virtual circuits
Unlike SVCs, PVCs are permanent. PVCs are persistent connections between nodes in a frame relay or asynchronous transfer (ATM) network WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

They are the more common type of frame relay connection because they are used by companies that need a persistent connection with multiple routers, such as a company that regularly makes long-distance calls between two of its offices.

Advantages of Frame Relay
Advantages of frame relay
Higher data rates
Frame relay supports T-1 (1.544 Mbps) and T-3 (45 Mbps) line data rates. It can support single connections up to 56 Kbps and optical connections up to 2.4 Gbps. The minimum data transfer rate that a company can expect on its frame relay network is set by the service provider’s CIR.

These transfer rates are high compared to the old X.25 packet switching system because frame relay is a fast packet technology. Unlike X.25, frame relay does not use error correction WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

That is, it does not correct errors in the data in the frame. If errors are found, the frame is discarded. Instead, it is up to the endpoints of the connection to detect errors and handle retransmissions of dropped frames.

It can process data in batches
One of the reasons why frame forwarding is often preferred over leased lines is the fact that companies don’t transmit data all the time. This means that the bandwidth of leased lines is rarely fully utilized, especially if the lines are required to less frequently used routers. Frame relay solves this problem by using burst technology and shared bandwidth, set by CIR WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Although frame relay service providers set the CIR, frame relay does not limit the service to this minimum. Instead, frame relay allows bursting. This is when a user may need to use more data than the minimum CIR and can do so by borrowing bandwidth that is not being used in the virtual network for free.

Bandwidth usage in a digital frame relay network is rampant in nature, so companies don’t have to worry about idle channels or exceeding their minimum CIR WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023..

Lower overhead costs
Compared to dedicated lines, frame relays are much cheaper for companies that need to maintain connections between multiple routers over a WAN. This is because the company does not pay for the full bandwidth of each access line as it would with leased lines. Instead, bandwidth costs are shared by all who use it.

It works out cheaper because frame relay services use statistical multiplexing, where bandwidth is shared between active WHAT IS FRAME RELAY 2023.

In topics of protection, as in subjects of faith – all people chooses for himself the most that he MALTEGO NETWORK RECONNAISSANCE.

All About Carding, Spamming , And Blackhat hacking contact now on telegram : @blackhatpakistan_Admin

Blackhat Pakistan:

Subscribe to our Youtube Channel Blackhat Pakistan. check our latest spamming course 2023

Learn from BLACKHATPAKISTAN and get master.